By Dr. Tulaton Sodsri, MD
WellMed Bangkok Clinic
Measles Thailand Surge Hits Since February 2024, the Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health of Thailand, has been reporting an increase in suspected measles cases, including 5 deaths.
Approximately 4,000 suspected cases and 2,000 confirmed cases have been reported. Interestingly, 92% of all cases have an incomplete or uncertain vaccination history for measles (MMR).
Current Situation of Measles in Thailand and Disease Control
Measles is one of the world’s most contagious diseases, caused by a virus. One person infected with measles can transmit the disease to nine out of ten of their unvaccinated close contacts.
The majority of reported cases have been in the southern part of Thailand, including Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, and Songkhla, as well as Mae Hong Son in the northern part of the country.
Signs and Symptoms of Measles
The signs and symptoms of measles typically include:
– Cough
– Sneezing
– Maculopapular rash, usually starting on the head and spreading to the body
– Fever
– Red, watery eyes
– Small white spots inside the cheeks
Symptoms usually begin 10–14 days after exposure to the virus. The most visible symptom is a prominent rash.
The rash typically starts 7–18 days after exposure, usually on the face and upper neck, and spreads over about 3 days to the hands and feet. It generally lasts 5–6 days before fading.
Complications
Most deaths from measles result from complications related to the disease.
Complications can include:
– Blindness
– Encephalitis (an infection causing brain swelling and potential brain damage)
– Severe breathing problems, including pneumonia
Complications from measles are most common in infants under 5 years old and adults over 30.
How Does Measles Virus Spread?
- Contact with Respiratory Droplets: Measles can spread through contact with respiratory droplets or nasal and throat secretions from coughing or sneezing, or by breathing in air that has been exhaled by someone with measles.
- Virus Viability: The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on surfaces for up to 2 hours.
- Period of Contagion: The virus can spread 4 days before the rash appears and continues to be contagious for 4 days after the rash begins.
How Measles Can Be Detected?
- Blood Test: The measles virus can be detected through a blood test for Measles IgM using the ELISA method, typically within 1-30 days after the rash appears.
- Swabs: A throat swab or nasal swab can also detect the virus, usually within 1-14 days after the rash appears.
Treatment and Vaccination Options
- Vaccination: The best way to prevent measles and its spread is through the measles vaccination.
- MMR Vaccine: The CDC recommends the MMR vaccine to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Who Should Receive the MMR Vaccine?
- For Children: It is recommended that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine. The initial dose of the measles vaccine should be administered between 12 and 15 months of age, with a second dose given between 4 and 6 years of age.
- The second dose may be given earlier, provided it is at least 28 days after the first.
- For Adults: Adults without evidence of immunity should receive at least one dose of the MMR vaccine to protect against measles and rubella.
- For Certain Adults: Some adults might need two doses of the vaccine. Those at higher risk of measles or mumps exposure should get two doses, spaced at least 28 days apart. This includes:
- Students in post-secondary education
- Healthcare workers
- Individuals traveling internationally
Conclusion
- Addressing the Measles Outbreak in Thailand: Although the increase in measles cases in Thailand is alarming, understanding the virus and following recommended safety practices can greatly reduce the risk.
- Staying Safe: It is essential for both residents and visitors to stay informed about local health updates, maintain strict personal hygiene, and consider getting vaccinated, especially those who are at higher risk.
About Wellmed Bangkok Clinic
Wellmed Bangkok Clinic, located in the heart of Bangkok, Thailand, is a premier healthcare provider dedicated to offering comprehensive medical services to both local and international patients.
With state-of-the-art facilities and a team of highly qualified and experienced medical professionals, Wellmed Bangkok Clinic is committed to delivering personalized care, including measles vaccination. and effective healthcare solutions are vital in combating infectious diseases like measles.
Our services range from general health check-ups and routine diagnostics to specialized treatments and innovative medical procedures in areas such as cardiology, dermatology, gynecology, and infectious diseases.
FAQs to help with your research
Q: What is the measles virus and why is it a concern for Thailand?
A: The measles virus is one of the most contagious infectious diseases known. The Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, is currently monitoring the rise in suspected and confirmed cases in Thailand, particularly in the southern regions.
This area is of concern due to the virus’s ease of spread and the potentially severe complications it can cause, especially in high-risk patients.
Q: What are the common measles symptoms to look out for?
A: Common measles symptoms include fever, rash, cough, red eyes. The rash usually spreads over a period of 3 days. It starts on the face and upper neck and gradually extends to the rest of the body, including the hands and feet.
Recognizing these symptoms early is crucial for effective disease control and reducing transmission.
Q: Are there any vaccines available to protect against measles?
A: The MMR vaccine has proven effective in protecting against the measles virus. Health authorities in Thailand and other nations are recommending vaccination as a preventive strategy, particularly for individuals at higher risk.
Q: What is causing the measles surge in Thailand in 2024?
A: The surge in measles cases in Thailand in 2024 can be attributed to a combination of factors including declining vaccine coverage, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization activities, and an existing immunity gap among children aged 1 year and older.
Q: How can I protect myself from measles during this outbreak?
A: To protect yourself from measles, it is essential to ensure that you and your children are fully vaccinated. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is effective in providing immunity to measles. If you’re unsure about your vaccination status, talk to your doctor.
Q: What are the complications associated with measles?
A: Complications of measles can include pneumonia, encephalitis, and severe diarrhea. Additionally, measles can lead to measles deaths, particularly in unvaccinated populations. Maintaining measles immunity is crucial to prevent these severe outcomes.
Q: What is the recommended guideline for measles immunization in Thailand?
A: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all children receive their first dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at 1 year of age, with a second dose typically administered before school entry. It is essential to follow the immunization activities outlined by local health authorities.
Q: How is the immunity level against measles assessed?
A: Immunity to measles can be assessed through serological testing, which measures the presence of measles-specific IgG antibodies in the blood. This laboratory test can help determine if an individual has adequate protection from clinical measles infection.
Q: Are there any specific populations at higher risk for measles infection?
A: Yes, populations with lower vaccine coverage, such as those in areas with an immunity gap among children, are at higher risk for measles infection. Pregnant women, infants, and individuals with compromised immune systems are also particularly vulnerable.
Q: What should I do if I suspect I have been exposed to measles?
A: If you believe you have been exposed to measles, contact your healthcare provider immediately. They may recommend vaccination within 72 hours of exposure or other preventive measures to protect against infection.
Q: How can I stay informed about the measles outbreak in Thailand?
A: Staying informed about measles outbreaks can be achieved by following updates from local health authorities, such as Thailand’s Department of Disease Control, and keeping an eye on announcements from the Centers for Disease Control regarding vaccination and surveillance efforts.
Q: What steps are being taken to improve vaccine coverage in Thailand?
A: Efforts to improve vaccine coverage in Thailand include enhancing immunization activities, increasing public awareness about the importance of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and ensuring access to vaccines through clinics and health centers.
Cite References:
- Minta AA, Ferrari M, Antoni S, et al. Progress Toward Measles Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:1262–1268. DOI:
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public health of Thailand
- Measles – World Health Organization (WHO) topic review
